Parachute Design - Revision history

Elsa J: Added angled packing fixture side information

2025-07-10T22:04:33Z

Added angled packing fixture side information

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:04, 10 July 2025
Line 753:		Line 753:
	Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.		Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.

	~~<u>~~As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings; see Figure 6-47b, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion main parachutes, and Figure 6-47c, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion drogue parachutes. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner as with reefing rings, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing. One issue has been discovered when using multiple stages of reefing with reefing loops. When a bypass loop is placed above a cutter to guide a different reefing line around that cutter, the placement of the bypass loop results in an out-of-plane load on the loop which can damage the bypass loop, see Figure 6-47d, Reference 6.93. To prevent this occurrence, reefing loops for each stage should be in the same plane, which could mean positioning the second stage loops and cutters above the first stage loops and cutters.~~</u>~~		As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings; see Figure 6-47b, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion main parachutes, and Figure 6-47c, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion drogue parachutes. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner as with reefing rings, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing. One issue has been discovered when using multiple stages of reefing with reefing loops. When a bypass loop is placed above a cutter to guide a different reefing line around that cutter, the placement of the bypass loop results in an out-of-plane load on the loop which can damage the bypass loop, see Figure 6-47d, Reference 6.93. To prevent this occurrence, reefing loops for each stage should be in the same plane, which could mean positioning the second stage loops and cutters above the first stage loops and cutters.

	'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''		'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''
Line 1,257:		Line 1,257:
	Removal of the plastic covers and the opening of the daisy chain bag after 1 year did not result in any movement of the packed parachute; everything remained in the tightly packed position. The suspension lines, after having been extended to their full 120-foot length, snapped back to within 3 feet of their stowed position. The canopy behaved in a similar manner. Subsequent laboratory tests of components and parachute free-flight tests did not reveal any measurable strength degradation.		Removal of the plastic covers and the opening of the daisy chain bag after 1 year did not result in any movement of the packed parachute; everything remained in the tightly packed position. The suspension lines, after having been extended to their full 120-foot length, snapped back to within 3 feet of their stowed position. The canopy behaved in a similar manner. Subsequent laboratory tests of components and parachute free-flight tests did not reveal any measurable strength degradation.

	Early in the program, the heavy pressure-packing bent reefing rings and cutters and caused damage to the lightweight canopy cloth between adjacent reefing rings. Stronger reefing rings, proper cutter and ring location, combined with X-raying every packed parachute eliminated this problem. ~~<u>~~Since 2007, all-textile reefing loops have been used instead of metallic reefing rings on some systems, eliminating this type of damage and lowering the parachute total weight, Reference 6.93.~~</u>~~ Figure 6-65 shows the packing presses used for packing the Apollo main parachutes, and Figure 6-66 shows an Apollo main parachute pressure-packed in its wooden storage form and wrapped in two plastic sheets.		Early in the program, the heavy pressure-packing bent reefing rings and cutters and caused damage to the lightweight canopy cloth between adjacent reefing rings. Stronger reefing rings, proper cutter and ring location, combined with X-raying every packed parachute eliminated this problem. Since 2007, all-textile reefing loops have been used instead of metallic reefing rings on some systems, eliminating this type of damage and lowering the parachute total weight, Reference 6.93. Figure 6-65 shows the packing presses used for packing the Apollo main parachutes, and Figure 6-66 shows an Apollo main parachute pressure-packed in its wooden storage form and wrapped in two plastic sheets.

	<u>Some damage has been seen on the mid-panel fold lines for parachutes packed at a very high density in packing fixtures that contain an angled side. This has been conjectured to be caused by the higher pack density close to the angled side due to the shorter distance between the press plate and the angled side at the edge of the press plate. In other words, there is much more fabric between the center of the press plate and the angled side than at the edge of the press plate and the angled side. No definitive data is available to prove that the damage was a result of this, but awareness of this phenomenon is important when considering fixture design.</u>		<u>Some damage has been seen on the mid-panel fold lines for parachutes packed at a very high density in packing fixtures that contain an angled side. This has been conjectured to be caused by the higher pack density close to the angled side due to the shorter distance between the press plate and the angled side at the edge of the press plate. In other words, there is much more fabric between the center of the press plate and the angled side than at the edge of the press plate and the angled side. No definitive data is available to prove that the damage was a result of this, but awareness of this phenomenon is important when considering fixture design.</u>

Elsa J: /* 6.7 PARACHUTE RECOVERY SYSTEM WEIGHT AND VOLUME */

2025-07-10T22:01:29Z

6.7 PARACHUTE RECOVERY SYSTEM WEIGHT AND VOLUME

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:01, 10 July 2025
Line 1,258:		Line 1,258:

	Early in the program, the heavy pressure-packing bent reefing rings and cutters and caused damage to the lightweight canopy cloth between adjacent reefing rings. Stronger reefing rings, proper cutter and ring location, combined with X-raying every packed parachute eliminated this problem. <u>Since 2007, all-textile reefing loops have been used instead of metallic reefing rings on some systems, eliminating this type of damage and lowering the parachute total weight, Reference 6.93.</u> Figure 6-65 shows the packing presses used for packing the Apollo main parachutes, and Figure 6-66 shows an Apollo main parachute pressure-packed in its wooden storage form and wrapped in two plastic sheets.		Early in the program, the heavy pressure-packing bent reefing rings and cutters and caused damage to the lightweight canopy cloth between adjacent reefing rings. Stronger reefing rings, proper cutter and ring location, combined with X-raying every packed parachute eliminated this problem. <u>Since 2007, all-textile reefing loops have been used instead of metallic reefing rings on some systems, eliminating this type of damage and lowering the parachute total weight, Reference 6.93.</u> Figure 6-65 shows the packing presses used for packing the Apollo main parachutes, and Figure 6-66 shows an Apollo main parachute pressure-packed in its wooden storage form and wrapped in two plastic sheets.

			<u>Some damage has been seen on the mid-panel fold lines for parachutes packed at a very high density in packing fixtures that contain an angled side. This has been conjectured to be caused by the higher pack density close to the angled side due to the shorter distance between the press plate and the angled side at the edge of the press plate. In other words, there is much more fabric between the center of the press plate and the angled side than at the edge of the press plate and the angled side. No definitive data is available to prove that the damage was a result of this, but awareness of this phenomenon is important when considering fixture design.</u>

	[[File:Figure 6-65.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-65. Heavy Packing Presses Used for Packing the Apollo Main Parachutes]]		[[File:Figure 6-65.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-65. Heavy Packing Presses Used for Packing the Apollo Main Parachutes]]

Elsa J: /* 6.7 PARACHUTE RECOVERY SYSTEM WEIGHT AND VOLUME */

2025-07-10T21:46:48Z

6.7 PARACHUTE RECOVERY SYSTEM WEIGHT AND VOLUME

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:46, 10 July 2025
Line 1,257:		Line 1,257:
	Removal of the plastic covers and the opening of the daisy chain bag after 1 year did not result in any movement of the packed parachute; everything remained in the tightly packed position. The suspension lines, after having been extended to their full 120-foot length, snapped back to within 3 feet of their stowed position. The canopy behaved in a similar manner. Subsequent laboratory tests of components and parachute free-flight tests did not reveal any measurable strength degradation.		Removal of the plastic covers and the opening of the daisy chain bag after 1 year did not result in any movement of the packed parachute; everything remained in the tightly packed position. The suspension lines, after having been extended to their full 120-foot length, snapped back to within 3 feet of their stowed position. The canopy behaved in a similar manner. Subsequent laboratory tests of components and parachute free-flight tests did not reveal any measurable strength degradation.

	Early in the program, the heavy pressure-packing bent reefing rings and cutters and caused damage to the lightweight canopy cloth between adjacent reefing rings. Stronger reefing rings, proper cutter and ring location, combined with X-raying every packed parachute eliminated this problem. <u>Since 2007, all-textile reefing loops have been used instead of metallic reefing rings on some systems, eliminating this type of damage and lowering the parachute total weight.</u> Figure 6-65 shows the packing presses used for packing the Apollo main parachutes, and Figure 6-66 shows an Apollo main parachute pressure-packed in its wooden storage form and wrapped in two plastic sheets.		Early in the program, the heavy pressure-packing bent reefing rings and cutters and caused damage to the lightweight canopy cloth between adjacent reefing rings. Stronger reefing rings, proper cutter and ring location, combined with X-raying every packed parachute eliminated this problem. <u>Since 2007, all-textile reefing loops have been used instead of metallic reefing rings on some systems, eliminating this type of damage and lowering the parachute total weight, Reference 6.93.</u> Figure 6-65 shows the packing presses used for packing the Apollo main parachutes, and Figure 6-66 shows an Apollo main parachute pressure-packed in its wooden storage form and wrapped in two plastic sheets.

	[[File:Figure 6-65.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-65. Heavy Packing Presses Used for Packing the Apollo Main Parachutes]]		[[File:Figure 6-65.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-65. Heavy Packing Presses Used for Packing the Apollo Main Parachutes]]

Elsa J: /* 6.7 PARACHUTE RECOVERY SYSTEM WEIGHT AND VOLUME */

2025-07-10T21:43:20Z

6.7 PARACHUTE RECOVERY SYSTEM WEIGHT AND VOLUME

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:43, 10 July 2025
Line 1,257:		Line 1,257:
	Removal of the plastic covers and the opening of the daisy chain bag after 1 year did not result in any movement of the packed parachute; everything remained in the tightly packed position. The suspension lines, after having been extended to their full 120-foot length, snapped back to within 3 feet of their stowed position. The canopy behaved in a similar manner. Subsequent laboratory tests of components and parachute free-flight tests did not reveal any measurable strength degradation.		Removal of the plastic covers and the opening of the daisy chain bag after 1 year did not result in any movement of the packed parachute; everything remained in the tightly packed position. The suspension lines, after having been extended to their full 120-foot length, snapped back to within 3 feet of their stowed position. The canopy behaved in a similar manner. Subsequent laboratory tests of components and parachute free-flight tests did not reveal any measurable strength degradation.

	Early in the program, the heavy pressure-packing bent reefing rings and cutters and caused damage to the lightweight canopy cloth between adjacent reefing rings. Stronger reefing rings, proper cutter and ring location, combined with X-raying every packed parachute eliminated this problem. <u>Since 2007, all-textile reefing loops have been used instead of metallic reefing rings, eliminating this type of damage and lowering the parachute total weight.</u> Figure 6-65 shows the packing presses used for packing the Apollo main parachutes, and Figure 6-66 shows an Apollo main parachute pressure-packed in its wooden storage form and wrapped in two plastic sheets.		Early in the program, the heavy pressure-packing bent reefing rings and cutters and caused damage to the lightweight canopy cloth between adjacent reefing rings. Stronger reefing rings, proper cutter and ring location, combined with X-raying every packed parachute eliminated this problem. <u>Since 2007, all-textile reefing loops have been used instead of metallic reefing rings on some systems, eliminating this type of damage and lowering the parachute total weight.</u> Figure 6-65 shows the packing presses used for packing the Apollo main parachutes, and Figure 6-66 shows an Apollo main parachute pressure-packed in its wooden storage form and wrapped in two plastic sheets.

	[[File:Figure 6-65.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-65. Heavy Packing Presses Used for Packing the Apollo Main Parachutes]]		[[File:Figure 6-65.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-65. Heavy Packing Presses Used for Packing the Apollo Main Parachutes]]

Elsa J: added reference to reefing loop info

2025-07-10T18:32:10Z

added reference to reefing loop info

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:32, 10 July 2025
Line 753:		Line 753:
	Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.		Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.

	<u>As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings; see Figure 6-47b, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion main parachutes, and Figure 6-47c, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion drogue parachutes. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner as with reefing rings, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing. One issue has been discovered when using multiple stages of reefing with reefing loops. When a bypass loop is placed above a cutter to guide a different reefing line around that cutter, the placement of the bypass loop results in an out-of-plane load on the loop which can damage the bypass loop, see Figure 6-47d. To prevent this occurrence, reefing loops for each stage should be in the same plane, which could mean positioning the second stage loops and cutters above the first stage loops and cutters.</u>		<u>As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings; see Figure 6-47b, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion main parachutes, and Figure 6-47c, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion drogue parachutes. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner as with reefing rings, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing. One issue has been discovered when using multiple stages of reefing with reefing loops. When a bypass loop is placed above a cutter to guide a different reefing line around that cutter, the placement of the bypass loop results in an out-of-plane load on the loop which can damage the bypass loop, see Figure 6-47d, Reference 6.93. To prevent this occurrence, reefing loops for each stage should be in the same plane, which could mean positioning the second stage loops and cutters above the first stage loops and cutters.</u>

	'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''		'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''
Line 1,694:		Line 1,694:

	<u>6.92 E. Hennings. "Substitution of Reefing Loops for Reefing Rings in Pressure Packing," AIAA Paper, May 2007. (AIAA 2007-2536)</u>		<u>6.92 E. Hennings. "Substitution of Reefing Loops for Reefing Rings in Pressure Packing," AIAA Paper, May 2007. (AIAA 2007-2536)</u>

			<u>6.93 B. Anderson, J. Daum, S. Tawdros. "Textile Material Lessons Learned During the Design and Qualification of the NASA Orion Capsule Parachute Assembly System," AIAA Paper. June 2019. (AIAA 2019-2894)</u>

Elsa J: /* 6.5 REEFING SYSTEM DESIGN */

2025-07-07T03:10:56Z

6.5 REEFING SYSTEM DESIGN

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:10, 7 July 2025
Line 749:		Line 749:
	[[File:Figure 6-47b.png\|center\|thumb\|Figure 6-47b: Reefing Loops on Orion Main Parachute]]		[[File:Figure 6-47b.png\|center\|thumb\|Figure 6-47b: Reefing Loops on Orion Main Parachute]]
	[[File:Figure 6-47c.png\|center\|thumb\|Figure 6-47c: Reefing Loops on Orion Drogue Parachute]]		[[File:Figure 6-47c.png\|center\|thumb\|Figure 6-47c: Reefing Loops on Orion Drogue Parachute]]
			[[File:Figure 6-47d.png\|center\|thumb\|Figure 6-47d: Out-of-plane Loading on Bypass Reefing Loop]]

	Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.		Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.

	<u>As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings; see Figure 6-47b, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion main parachutes, and Figure 6-47c, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion drogue parachutes. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner as with reefing rings, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing. One issue has been discovered when using multiple stages of reefing with reefing loops. When a bypass loop is placed above a cutter to guide a different reefing line around that cutter, the placement of the bypass loop results in an out-of-plane load on the loop which can damage the bypass loop. To prevent this occurrence, reefing loops for each stage should be in the same plane, which could mean positioning the second stage loops and cutters above the first stage loops and cutters.</u>		<u>As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings; see Figure 6-47b, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion main parachutes, and Figure 6-47c, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion drogue parachutes. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner as with reefing rings, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing. One issue has been discovered when using multiple stages of reefing with reefing loops. When a bypass loop is placed above a cutter to guide a different reefing line around that cutter, the placement of the bypass loop results in an out-of-plane load on the loop which can damage the bypass loop, see Figure 6-47d. To prevent this occurrence, reefing loops for each stage should be in the same plane, which could mean positioning the second stage loops and cutters above the first stage loops and cutters.</u>

	'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''		'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''

Elsa J: Images of reefing loops

2025-07-06T23:55:22Z

Images of reefing loops

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:55, 6 July 2025
Line 747:		Line 747:

	[[File:Figure 6-47.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-47a. Dual Reefing Ring (Northrop Ventura Dwg. DR 8127)]]		[[File:Figure 6-47.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-47a. Dual Reefing Ring (Northrop Ventura Dwg. DR 8127)]]
			[[File:Figure 6-47b.png\|center\|thumb\|Figure 6-47b: Reefing Loops on Orion Main Parachute]]
			[[File:Figure 6-47c.png\|center\|thumb\|Figure 6-47c: Reefing Loops on Orion Drogue Parachute]]

	Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.		Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.

Elsa J: updated reefing loop information.

2025-07-06T23:41:57Z

updated reefing loop information.

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:41, 6 July 2025
Line 744:		Line 744:
	[[File:Figure 6-46.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-46. Standard Circular Reefing Rings]]		[[File:Figure 6-46.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-46. Standard Circular Reefing Rings]]

	Figure 6-47 shows a dual reefing ring also developed by Northrop during the Apollo program to accommodate the dual first-stage reefing lines of the main parachutes.		Figure 6-47a shows a dual reefing ring also developed by Northrop during the Apollo program to accommodate the dual first-stage reefing lines of the main parachutes.

	[[File:Figure 6-47.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-47. Dual Reefing Ring (Northrop Ventura Dwg. DR 8127)]]		[[File:Figure 6-47.png\|center\|frame\|Figure 6-47a. Dual Reefing Ring (Northrop Ventura Dwg. DR 8127)]]


Line 752:		Line 752:
	Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.		Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.

	<u>As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing.</u>		<u>As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings; see Figure 6-47b, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion main parachutes, and Figure 6-47c, which is the reefing loop configuration for the Orion drogue parachutes. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner as with reefing rings, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing. One issue has been discovered when using multiple stages of reefing with reefing loops. When a bypass loop is placed above a cutter to guide a different reefing line around that cutter, the placement of the bypass loop results in an out-of-plane load on the loop which can damage the bypass loop. To prevent this occurrence, reefing loops for each stage should be in the same plane, which could mean positioning the second stage loops and cutters above the first stage loops and cutters.</u>

	'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''		'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''

Elsa J: typo

2024-10-04T00:39:09Z

typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:39, 4 October 2024
Line 1,556:		Line 1,556:
	6.24 _____.''Tests in the 24-Ft Wind Tunnel for Increasing the Critical Opening Speed of a Parachute,'' by S. B. Jackson, C H. Trent, and T J. Nethrem. RAE, Farnborough, England. (Report AM-357).		6.24 _____.''Tests in the 24-Ft Wind Tunnel for Increasing the Critical Opening Speed of a Parachute,'' by S. B. Jackson, C H. Trent, and T J. Nethrem. RAE, Farnborough, England. (Report AM-357).

	~~625~~ J. E. Purvis. "Pocket Band Effect on Ringslot Parachutes." Paper presented at the University of Minnesota-CCG lecture on parachute systems technology. Munich-Oberpfaffenhofen, June 1987.		6.25 J. E. Purvis. "Pocket Band Effect on Ringslot Parachutes." Paper presented at the University of Minnesota-CCG lecture on parachute systems technology. Munich-Oberpfaffenhofen, June 1987.

	6.26 US Air Force. ''Investigation of the Relative Efficiency of Pilot Chutes'', by R C. Cory. USAF, March 1956. (USAF Report WADC-TR.56-147.)		6.26 US Air Force. ''Investigation of the Relative Efficiency of Pilot Chutes'', by R C. Cory. USAF, March 1956. (USAF Report WADC-TR.56-147.)

Elsa J: provided reference for reefing loop edit

2024-10-03T23:51:25Z

provided reference for reefing loop edit

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:51, 3 October 2024
Line 752:		Line 752:
	Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.		Special heavy-duty reefing lines have been developed by the Sandia National Laboratories.

	<u>As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing.</u>		<u>As a result of reefing ring damage due to high pressure packing, the U.S. Navy began using textile reefing loops in place of reefing rings, Reference 6.92. Reefing loops consist of a narrow Kevlar tape inside a Teflon sleeve sewn to the parachute skirt like a belt loop in the same locations as reefing rings. The reefing line is routed through these reefing loops and reefing cutters in the same manner, but as the reefing loops are much lighter than reefing rings and are not damaged by pressure packing, this method has become popular for systems requiring high pressure packing.</u>

	'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''		'''6.5.3.2 Reefing Line Cutters'''
Line 1,691:		Line 1,691:

	6.91 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ''Project Gemini, A Technical Summary,'' by P. W Malik and G. A. Souris. (NASA Report NASA-CR.1106.)		6.91 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ''Project Gemini, A Technical Summary,'' by P. W Malik and G. A. Souris. (NASA Report NASA-CR.1106.)

			<u>6.92 E. Hennings. "Substitution of Reefing Loops for Reefing Rings in Pressure Packing," AIAA Paper, May 2007. (AIAA 2007-2536)</u>